Why is air invisible?
Air looks invisible because it sends very little color to our eyes. Most objects seem to have color because they absorb some light wavelengths, or colors, and reflect others back to us. Objects appear to be the color they reflect to our eyes.
We can't see air because it is colorless, odorless, and transparent gaseous matter.
So, why is air invisible? Since our eyes can only see within a very narrow range on the color spectrum, anything that we are able to see must be reflecting light that fits within that range. For air, it turns out that the colors that are able to be reflected do not lie in that visible range.
Air is a mixture of several gases that is a precious resource and a necessity of life. Pure air is completely invisible and odourless, however pollutants in the air can cause it to have a coloured tinge or odour.
This means that the molecules of the air do not reflect or absorb any amount of visible light that falls on them. And as a result, they transmit all of the light through them. Therefore, we can say that air is not visible because it neither absorbs or reflects light that fall on it and transmits the whole light.
Air is all around us, but we can't see it. So what is air, exactly? It's a mixture of different gases. The air in Earth's atmosphere is made up of approximately 78 percent nitrogen and 21 percent oxygen.
Air has a smell, Haven't smelled the crisp air in the mountains or rain in the air, and I could go on and on… An unflattering smell is added to gas as a safety precaution so we know if there's a leak in present.
Air is normally transparent and colourless, says University of Alberta physicist John Davis. If it had colour, that would mean it somehow absorbed or cancelled out some part of the visible light spectrum; grass is green because it absorbs blue and yellow light.
The gas is colorless, odorless, and tasteless. The liquid and solid forms are a pale blue color and are strongly paramagnetic.
A: Air is normally invisible. From space, the atmosphere, which is made of air, looks like a thin blue band because of the way the light passes through it. That's the same reason why the sky looks blue.
Does the air clean itself?
"We now know that this vital feature of our atmosphere, the ability to cleanse itself of pollutants, is in fact very stable," says Steve Montzka, head author of the study and researcher at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NOAA.
More than 99% of air is made of three gases: nitrogen, oxygen, and argon. Air contains other gases in very small quantities, including gaseous water, which is called water vapor.
The molecules of gas in the atmosphere are so small and spaced so far apart that most light waves pass right by them and don't reflect back to our eyes. The light waves that do hit gas molecules are too few for us to perceive, unless we look at a whole lot of them at the same time.
Air is transparent to our eyes because we have evolved retinas that are sensitive to the very wavelengths of light that pass through it unobstructed – otherwise we wouldn't be able to see anything at all. Wind is just moving air, caused by pressure differences in the atmosphere.
We cannot see air under normal circ*mstances because air is a transparent gas. However, we can see the effects of air, such as when it moves and causes objects to move or when it refracts light. For example, when light travels through the air, it can be refracted or bent by changes in temperature and density.
Air is the invisible mixture of gases that surrounds Earth. Air contains important substances, such as oxygen and nitrogen, that most species need to survive.
Air is a real substance and it has weight. That is why it weighs 14.7 pounds per square inch at sea level. What scientists mean when they give this figure is that if a column of air one square inch in size from sea level to the top of the atmosphere above Earth would weigh 14.7 pounds.
No, fish can't see water just like you can't see air. It's their natural environment, so they don't have the ability to perceive it visually. However, fish can sense water through other means, like detecting vibrations and changes in pressure.
But, like solids and liquids, air is matter. It has weight (more than we might imagine), it takes up space, and it is composed of particles too small and too spread apart to see. Air, a mixture of gases, shares properties with water vapor, the gaseous form of water that is part of air.
Can't taste it. Can't smell it. If you pay attention, you might feel it as a gentle breeze brushing across your skin.
Does water have a smell?
Strictly speaking you can't "smell" water, but that's by definition of smell. You can nevertheless in the right circ*mstances detect water via the mucous membranes of your nose. As you inhale, the air passing over the membranes dries them (or doesn't) by a differing amount.
Dust usually doesn't have a particularly strong odor. It may have a slightly earthy smell and is often dry and powdery.
As a perfect mirror reflects back all the colours comprising white light, it's also white. That said, real mirrors aren't perfect, and their surface atoms give any reflection a very slight green tinge, as the atoms in the glass reflect back green light more strongly than any other colour.
Blue and violet colors are scattered the strongest by air. As a result, when white light travels through air, it gives a slight bluish-white tint to the air. (Air is actually tinted violet-bluish-white. However, since humans can't see the color violet very well, we see air as bluish white.)
The Short Answer: Gases and particles in Earth's atmosphere scatter sunlight in all directions. Blue light is scattered more than other colors because it travels as shorter, smaller waves. This is why we see a blue sky most of the time.
The water is in fact not colorless; even pure water is not colorless, but has a slight blue tint to it, best seen when looking through a long column of water. The blueness in water is not caused by the scattering of light, which is responsible for the sky being blue.
Blood is always red. Blood that has been oxygenated (mostly flowing through the arteries) is bright red and blood that has lost its oxygen (mostly flowing through the veins) is dark red. Anyone who has donated blood or had their blood drawn by a nurse can attest that deoxygenated blood is dark red and not blue.
Solid oxygen forms at normal atmospheric pressure at a temperature below 54.36 K (−218.79 °C, −361.82 °F). Solid oxygen O2, like liquid oxygen, is a clear substance with a light sky-blue color caused by absorption in the red part of the visible light spectrum.
Yes! A fluids is any substance that flows. Air is made of stuff, air particles, that are loosely held together in a gas form. Although liquids are the most commonly recognized fluids, gasses are also fluids.
The sky can be full of water. But most of the time you can't see the water. The drops of water are too small to see. They have turned into a gas called water vapor.
Is Earth cleansing itself?
The atmosphere cleans itself by creating a molecule called hydroxide (OH) through a previously unknown mechanism, according to a new, peer-reviewed study.
According to the EPA, however, the levels of indoor air pollutants are often 2 to 5 times higher than outdoor levels, and in some cases these levels can exceed 100 times that of outdoor levels of the same pollutants. In other words, sometimes the air inside can be more harmful than the air outside.
Fresh air not only cleans your lungs, it can also boost your mood, lower your heart rate, increase energy levels and even improve digestion (yes, that's right). Florence Nightingale knew the benefits of fresh air long before any scientific study.
(4.6 billion years ago)
The surface was molten. As Earth cooled, an atmosphere formed mainly from gases spewed from volcanoes. It included hydrogen sulfide, methane, and ten to 200 times as much carbon dioxide as today's atmosphere.
When you inhale (breathe in), air enters your lungs, and oxygen from that air moves to your blood. At the same time, carbon dioxide, a waste gas, moves from your blood to the lungs and is exhaled (breathed out).
In terms of emissions from combustion, natural gas, composed mainly of methane (CH4), is the least polluting of the fossil fuels. Per unit of energy produced, CO2 emissions from natural gas are 45.7% lower than those from coal (lignite), 27.5% lower than from diesel, and 25.6% lower than from gasoline.
Oxygen radicals harm the fats, protein and DNA in your body. This damages your eyes so you can't see properly, and your lungs, so you can't breathe normally. So breathing pure oxygen is quite dangerous.
So when plants die from the lack of carbon dioxide, it's not just a loss in the food chain but, crucially, a loss in the air they produce and the air we breathe. While the end of oxygen is still a billion years away, when the depletion begins to take hold, it will occur rather rapidly, in about 10,000 years.
Water vapor also is part of the mix, but the amount varies. Depending on the temperature, the amount of water vapor in the air ranges from . 001 percent to about 4 percent. Although you can't see water vapor, you can feel it.
Air is constantly pushing against us, but it feels more like pressure than weight since it pushes from all sides. This all-around push is called air pressure.
What is around us that we Cannot see?
Air is found everywhere. We cannot see air, but we can feel it. Air in motion is called wind.
Commonwealth Bay, Antartica
The Guinness Book of World Records and National Geographic Atlas have both listed this bay in Antarctica as the windiest place on the planet. Katabatic winds in Commonwealth Bay are recorded at over 150 mph on a regular basis, and the average annual wind speed is 50 mph.
Air looks invisible because it sends very little color to our eyes. Most objects seem to have color because they absorb some light wavelengths, or colors, and reflect others back to us. Objects appear to be the color they reflect to our eyes.
If we could see “air” to any significant degree — and not just the smog, water vapor, etc suspended in it at times, the — it would look BLACK as the large layer of air above us would block all of the sunlight. In such an environment, we likely would never have developed eyes even.
Evaporation and transpiration transform liquid water into vapor, which ascends into the atmosphere due to rising air currents. Cooler temperatures aloft allow the vapor to condense into clouds.
Flexi Says: Air that has the same composition of gases as that of Earth's atmosphere is colorless and odorless. However, the liquid or the solid form of the same mixture of gases is blue in color.
A clear cloudless day-time sky is blue because molecules in the air scatter blue light from the sun more than they scatter red light.
Water appears to be colourless and transparent in the visible, but if you look through a long pat of it it appears to be blue. This is because of weak overtone absorptions of infrared transitions that absorb in the red part of the spectrum, the remaining light transmitted light is blue.
Clouds appear when there is too much water vapour for the air to hold. The water vapour (gas) then condenses to form tiny water droplets (liquid), and it is the water that makes the cloud visible.
Air is transparent to our eyes because we have evolved retinas that are sensitive to the very wavelengths of light that pass through it unobstructed – otherwise we wouldn't be able to see anything at all. Wind is just moving air, caused by pressure differences in the atmosphere.
Why can't we see the shadow of air?
Uniform air itself cannot refract light and create shadows because the index of refraction does not differ anywhere. But, when different regions of air have different indices of refraction, the air can indeed bend light away from the forward direction and create a shadow.
Moreover, the turbulence inside a cloud can become extreme and break apart an aircraft. Thus, it is extremely dangerous to fly inside such a system.
Polar mesospheric clouds can be observed from both the Earth's surface and in orbit by astronauts aboard the International Space Station.
Clouds are made of millions of these tiny liquid water droplets. The droplets scatter the colors of the sunlight equally, which makes clouds appear white. Even though they can look like cushy puffballs, a cloud can't support your weight or hold anything up but itself.
It's not so easy to hear the voice of the Holy Spirit. The reason for this is that he speaks in a whisper. It's a low, brief, quiet speech that we can easily miss if we aren't paying attention. The second reason it can be hard to hear is because it often sounds just like MY voice.
In the Bible, God's Spirit is often likened to the wind or pictured with imagery related to the wind. In fact, both the Hebrew word ruach (used in the Old Testament) and the Greek word pneuma (used in the New Testament) can be translated as “wind” or “spirit” (or “breath”), depending on the context.
We believe that the Holy Spirit is co-equal with God the Father and God the Son and is of the same essence. Yet He is also distinct from them. Scripture describes the Holy Spirit in personal terms, not as an impersonal force, when it says that He teaches, guides, comforts and intercedes.
Any object which comes between path of light-ray casts shadow. But here, aeroplane is so far above the ground, that the light ray coming from sideways illuminates the shadow supposed to be casted on ground. If you go to airport and see an aeroplane on ground, you can see its shadow on the runway.
It is called Refraction which means that light bends as it goes through water this bending of the light can create a illusion where there may be a shadow BELOW the glass of water but the actual light going THROUGH the water is refracted into a different direction which can create the shadow which is not cast by the ...
In short, fire doesn't produce a shadow like you or I might, by blocking all light from passing through it. But it does partially block light — and thanks to a bunch of ultra-hot gas molecules, a fraction of the light will likely be deflected back or diffracted.
References
- https://www.sciencefocus.com/science/what-colour-is-a-mirror
- https://stmarysmaine.com/the-air-out-there-discover-the-health-benefits-of-simply-going-outside/
- https://www.hsbc.com/careers/our-business-areas-and-teams/global-banking-and-markets
- https://www.kids-fun-science.com/air-pressure-experiments.html
- https://www.sciencefocus.com/planet-earth/why-cant-we-see-the-wind
- https://www.wonderopolis.org/wonder/who-invented-money
- https://www.td.com/us/en/personal-banking/recent-events
- https://www.marketwatch.com/guides/banking/largest-banks-in-the-us/
- https://www.businessinsider.com/28-banks-with-the-highest-commercial-real-estate-risk-2024-3
- https://www.uccu.com/why-banks-are-essential-understanding-the-importance-of-the-banking-system/
- https://www.wcpss.net/cms/lib/NC01911451/Centricity/Domain/3854/Whats%20in%20Air%20Rdg.PDF
- https://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/19495/does-water-have-a-smell
- https://www.quora.com/What-would-the-world-look-like-if-we-could-see-air
- https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/definition/commercial-bank
- https://www.hsbc.ae/investments/what-makes-hsbc-different/
- https://m.jpost.com/environment-and-climate-change/article-738839
- https://www.hsbc.com/-/files/hsbc/investors/investing-in-hsbc/pdf/230908-simplified-structure-chart.pdf
- https://www.worldwalks.com/walking-holidays/windiest-places-planet-earth/
- https://www.thebalancemoney.com/what-is-banking-3305812
- https://www.stalbertgazette.com/local-news/would-air-be-orange-if-it-had-colour-davis-gelmini-florian-6483841
- https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/fandd/issues/Series/Back-to-Basics/Banks
- https://inquiryproject.terc.edu/curriculum/curriculum5/4_air/inv_13/index.html
- https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/element/Oxygen
- https://www.rbcbank.com/cross-border/us-bank-accounts.html
- https://www.deq.nc.gov/airaware/ioa/ioa1-1actair100115/open
- https://byjus.com/ias-questions/what-are-the-5-most-important-banking-services/
- https://www.mtl.org/en/experience/banks-of-montreal-architectural-heritage
- https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2012/12/18/why-are-veins-blue/
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-are-the-disadvantages-of-commercial-banks/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bank
- https://www.jdpower.com/business/press-releases/2023-canada-retail-banking-satisfaction-study
- https://www.hsbc.com/investors/investing-in-hsbc/group-structure
- https://byjus.com/govt-exams/functions-of-bank/
- https://www.quora.com/If-we-cant-see-air-can-fish-see-water-1
- https://www.td.com/ca/en/about-td/corporate-profile/corporate-information
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_the_United_States
- https://www.jpmorganchase.com/about/our-business
- https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2015/10/16/why-is-the-sky-not-blue-as-seen-from-space/
- https://www.ffiec.gov/nicpubweb/content/help/institution%20type%20description.htm
- https://www.stlouisfed.org/education/economic-lowdown-podcast-series/episode-9-functions-of-money
- https://www.peakframeworks.com/post/hsbc-overview
- https://www.sgrlaw.com/does-the-money-in-your-bank-account-really-belong-to-you/
- https://www.consumerfinance.gov/ask-cfpb/how-can-i-be-sure-my-money-is-safe-in-my-bank-account-en-1005/
- https://www.colorado.edu/asmagazine/2020/05/28/what-would-it-feel-touch-cloud
- https://www.cookmuseum.org/all-about-air/
- https://tc.scotiabank.com/about-scotiabank/inside-scotiabank/canadas-most-international-bank.html
- https://energyeducation.ca/encyclopedia/Air
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/why-is-the-colour-of-the-clear-sky-blue-11/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_oxygen
- https://www.bankrate.com/banking/biggest-banks-in-america/
- https://www.quora.com/Can-anyone-see-air
- https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2012/03/basics.htm
- https://moving2canada.com/living/finances/best-bank-in-canada/
- https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/list-of-largest-banks-in-the-world-1706509334-1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money
- https://www.pnc.com/insights/personal-finance/spend/online-vs-traditional-banking.html
- https://ncert.nic.in/textbook/pdf/fesc115.pdf
- https://firstutahbank.com/the-history-of-banking-from-ancient-times-to-now/
- https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/air-fluid
- https://www.toppr.com/guides/business-economics-cs/money-and-banking/functions-of-commercial-banks/
- https://theconversation.com/curious-kids-what-happens-if-you-breathe-pure-oxygen-145181
- https://money.ca/banking/best-banks-in-canada
- https://www.nasa.gov/learning-resources/for-kids-and-students/what-are-clouds-grades-k-4/
- https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/career-map/sell-side/risk-management/major-risks-for-banks/
- https://www.quora.com/Are-there-Chase-Banks-in-Canada
- https://www.holytrinityweb.com/weekly/2-voices-my-spirit-and-the-holy-spirit/
- https://www.about.us.hsbc.com/hsbc-sells-mass-market-card-portfolio
- https://wowa.ca/canadian-banks-in-us
- https://www.theforage.com/blog/careers/what-is-commercial-banking
- https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/weather/learn-about/weather/types-of-weather/clouds/what-are-clouds-and-how-do-they-form
- https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/wealth-management/banking-fundamentals/
- https://currentaffairs.adda247.com/largest-bank-in-the-world/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Money_creation
- https://www.statista.com/statistics/434554/leading-banks-in-canada-assets/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toronto-Dominion_Bank
- https://www.about.us.hsbc.com/newsroom/press-releases/hsbc-exits-us-mass-market-retail-banking
- https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/u-bank-meltdown-2-canadian-213000018.html
- https://www.about.hsbc.ca/
- https://www.forbesindia.com/article/explainers/the-10-largest-banks-in-the-world/86967/1
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_banks
- https://www.rbcwealthmanagement.com/en-ca/private-banking
- https://au.prosple.com/career-planning/the-perks-and-lows-of-commercial-banking
- https://www.vedantu.com/question-answer/air-is-not-visible-because-it-a-is-nearly-a-class-10-physics-cbse-5ff3dc4b330feb5742a0db24
- https://www.worldbank.org/en/about/leadership/members
- https://www.forbes.com/advisor/banking/bmo-bank-review/
- https://www.mpg.de/990456/earths-atmosphere-cleaning
- https://www.ck12.org/flexi/earth-science/composition/what-color-is-the-air/
- https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/does-fire-have-a-shadow
- https://www.about.us.hsbc.com/hsbc-in-the-usa/moving-forward/faq-citizens-cathay
- https://www.marketwatch.com/guides/banking/td-review/
- https://academic.oup.com/book/40989/chapter/349218195
- https://www.globaldata.com/company-profile/bankunited-inc/
- https://www.remitbee.com/blog/best-bank-accounts-for-new-immigrants-in-canada
- https://testbook.com/key-differences/difference-between-commercial-bank-and-development-bank
- https://www.quora.com/Why-is-HSBC-closing-down-in-the-US
- https://restorerz.com/is-it-dust-or-mold-i-see-in-my-home/
- https://fastercapital.com/content/Commercial-Banks-vs--National-Banks--What-s-the-Difference.html
- https://www.about.hsbc.co.in/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midland_Bank
- https://www.wellsfargo.com/com/
- https://byjus.com/commerce/difference-between-central-bank-and-commercial-bank/
- https://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/lungs
- https://www.about.us.hsbc.com/
- https://greensdictofslang.com/entry/4q35xoi
- https://www.novacredit.com/resources/canadian-banks-in-usa
- https://www.vedantu.com/commerce/money-and-banking
- https://www.highlightskids.com/explore/science-questions/why-is-air-invisible
- https://www.docuclipper.com/blog/bank-transactions/
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/bank.asp
- https://www.nucoro.com/insights/how-banks-make-money-and-why-its-shifting-in-2021
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/explain-the-functions-of-a-commercial-bank-1/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Five_banks_of_Canada
- https://finance.yahoo.com/news/4-most-popular-banks-millionaires-150054420.html
- https://scijinks.gov/blue-sky/
- https://wise.com/gb/blog/chase-card-abroad
- https://byjus.com/commerce/functions-of-commercial-banks/
- https://www.paisabazaar.com/banking/
- https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/why-cant-we-see-air/
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commercial_bank
- https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/105707/why-is-water-clear
- https://www.quora.com/Why-did-Chase-Bank-wipe-out-forgive-all-debt-to-Canadians-who-had-their-credit-cards
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulonimbus_and_aviation
- https://www.pressconnects.com/story/news/local/2018/10/21/ask-scientist-why-can-we-cant-see-air-around-us/1698473002/
- https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/commercialbank.asp
- https://howthingsfly.si.edu/ask-an-explainer/it-possible-see-air
- https://wtamu.edu/~cbaird/sq/2014/02/12/can-air-make-shadows/
- https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2491/10-interesting-things-about-air/
- https://www.quora.com/Does-the-Bank-of-America-have-locations-in-Canada
- https://www.emarketer.com/insights/largest-banks-us-list/
- https://www.bankrate.com/banking/banks-vs-credit-unions/
- https://www.statista.com/topics/9044/largest-banks-in-canada/
- https://www.nasa.gov/image-article/space-station-view-of-noctilucent-clouds/
- https://collective.tku.edu/the-wind-of-the-holy-spirit/
- https://www.bankrate.com/banking/what-banks-do-with-deposits/
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/what-is-the-alternative-name-for-commercial-banks-joint-stock-banks-joint-stock-companies-joint/
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/why-a-flying-aeroplane-does-not-cast-a-shadow/
- https://www.forbes.com/advisor/banking/largest-banks-in-the-us/
- https://www.preferredbank.com/personal/products-and-services/expanded-insurance-protection
- https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/061615/what-are-major-categories-financial-institutions-and-what-are-their-primary-roles.asp
- https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/air
- https://www.hsbc.com.hk/global-private-banking/
- https://www.nerdwallet.com/article/banking/best-banks-and-credit-unions
- http://www2.harpercollege.edu/mhealy/eco212i/lectures/ch13-17
- https://www.aba.com/about-us/our-story/aba-history/1782-1799
- https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/616364/why-does-water-cast-a-shadow-even-though-it-is-considered-transparent
- https://www.about.hsbc.com.cn/
- https://byjus.com/question-answer/which-of-the-following-bank-is-not-a-commercial-bank-punjab-national-bank-allahabad-bank/
- https://www.quora.com/Why-does-air-have-no-smell-when-gas-has-a-smell
- https://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/122315/worlds-top-10-banks-jpm-wfc.asp
- https://www.moodybible.org/beliefs/holy-spirit/
- https://howthingsfly.si.edu/sites/default/files/attachment/IsAirReallyThere.pdf
- https://www.fool.com/the-ascent/research/digital-banking-trends/
- https://www.forbes.com/advisor/banking/safest-banks-in-the-us/
- https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/water-color
- https://earthsky.org/earth/earths-oxygen-gone-1-billion-years-life-extinguished/
- https://www.thebalancemoney.com/what-is-a-commercial-bank-315196
- https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/water-science-school/science/atmosphere-and-water-cycle
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HSBC
- https://www.magnifymoney.com/news/largest-banks-in-the-us/
- https://www.forbes.com/advisor/ca/banking/silicon-valley-bank-failure/
- https://mana.md/indoor-air-vs-outdoor-air/
- https://www.investopedia.com/ask/answers/072815/why-do-commercial-banks-borrow-federal-reserve.asp
- https://smartasset.com/checking-account/how-the-rich-bank-differently-from-the-rest-of-us
- https://www.td.com/ca/en/personal-banking/solutions/cross-border-banking
- https://www.creditdonkey.com/who-owns-us-bank.html
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TD_Bank_(United_States)
- https://www.washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/kidspost/ever-wondered-about-water-vapor/2015/12/20/b1af5d60-9929-11e5-94f0-9eeaff906ef3_story.html
- https://forces.si.edu/atmosphere/02_02_01.html